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APEX
The point during the corner where the car comes closest to the inside edge of the road or track.


Aspect ratio
The relationship between the sidewall height of a tire relative to its tread width. Smaller aspect ratios describe a tire which is wide and squat vs. thin and tall.


Balance
The mix of front vs. rear end grip. In cornering, the aim is to get a balance of front and rear cornering traction. In braking, it is a matter of having the front and the rear ends of the car do their appropriate share of braking in proportion to their diferent downloads.


Blip
In order to do a proper downshift the engine revs must be increased to allow smooth engagement ot the next lowest gear. The "BLIP" is a sudden jab of the throttle pedal, usually done with part of driver's right foot, to temporarily increase the engine revs.


Brake bias
The proportioning of braking effort toward the front and rear of the car to accommodate the differing tire loading brought about by deceleration. In most modern racecars, brake bias is cockpit-adjustable.


Brake point
Each corner which requires speed loss at its entry has a point beyond which is it is impossible to slow the car enough to make the corner. The brake point is a specific reference on or next to the track which drivers use to trigger the application of brakes. Smart drivers start with a consevative brake point and work it closer to the corner as they progress.


Brake-turning
Using the car's braking and turning abilities simultaneously in the area between the turn-in point and the apex of the corner.

Breathing the throttle
The slightest of lifts from full throttle.

CF
Coefficient of friction. A convenient way of a comparing the grip of different tires. It is a measure of the ratio at which a tire converts download to traction.

CG
Center of gravity. The point in space where the cars mass is centered. At this point there is as much mass forward of it as behind it; as much mass above it as below it: as much mass to the right as to the left.

Corner Entry
Corner entry includes the area where deceleration for a corner begins, up to the throttle application point.

Damper
The technically correct term for a shock absorber. A device that damps motion without necessarily supporting load.

Early Apex
In a corner, an early apex occurs when the car touches the inside edge of the road too soon, which will cause the car to run out of road at the corner exit unless the driver increases the amount of direction change in the second part of the turn.

Exit Speed
The speed a car can attain at the track-out point of the corner and consequently the speed carried onto the following straight.

Flat Out
Never lifting off of full throttle. Also, driving absolutely at the limit, leaving no margin for error.

Hairpin
Arbitrarily defined by the racing school as a corner with more than 120 degrees of direction change. In conventional use, a hairpin is a relatively slow corner which comes back on itself as in the shape of the round end of the hairpin.

Heel and Toe
The process of blipping the throttle in order to synchronize gears while down shifting, and at the same time continuing to have consistent pressure on the brake pedal. It involves using the left side of the right foot for braking while rotating the foot around the ankle and tapping the throttle with the right side of the foot.

Late Apex
In a corner, a late apex occurs when the car touches the inside edge of the road further around the corner than necessary, leading the cat to use less than the full road width at the exit of the corner unless the driver, by relaxing steering effort, decreases the amount of direction change in the second half of the turn.

Limit
The absolute maximum of the cars capability.

Line
The optimum path around the racetrack. In corners, this path is usually the largest radius arc which can be fit into the confines of the turn. The line can vary with track conditions and the type of the racecar being driven.

Load Transfer
The change in tire download that results from accelerating, turning, or braking a car.

Modulation
Changing the pressure on the brake or throttle in an effort to keep the tire near, but not over, their traction limits.

Neutral Handling
A car which, when cornering at its limit, has both front and rear sets of tires operating in the same slip angle range is a neutral handling car.

Oversteer
If, at the cornering limit of the car, the slip angle of the rear tires is greater than the slip angle of the front tires, the car is in oversteer.

Pause
In a tail-out slide, the pause is the moment when the movement of the rear of the car toward the outside of the turn stops and the movement toward the inside about to begin.

Pitch
Movement of the car which changes the ride height of the car front or rear is known as pitch change.

Reference Point
Any point on, or beside, the racetrack which a driver uses as a visual device to trigger some action: turning in, apexing, brake application point, etc.

Shaved Tires
Tire used in racing which were originally designed as normal road tires would quickly overheat in racing applications because of their deep tread. These tires are shaved before racing use so that their tread depth is greatly reduced, often down to a few 32nds of an inch, in order to reduce their potential for overheating.

Sight Picture
A visual template drivers use to locate themselves precisely on the racetrack. After using concrete reference points to find the proper placement of the car around the course, drivers then frequently develop a visual feel for whether the car is on the proper line. If what they are seeing does not match up with their template, they have to adjust their driving to accommodate this new path.

Slip Angle
When tires are cornering, there is a difference between the direction of the wheel rim is pointing and the direction the tire is traveling. This difference is referred to as the slip angle. Tires have a range of slip angle where they deliver their maximum level of cornering traction.

Sweeper
A fast corner, usually taken in either top gear or, at most, one gear lower than top.

Turn-In
The point at the start of a corner at which the driver first turns the steering wheel, transitioning the car from the straight to the corner.
Track-Out
The point at the exit of a corner at which the car touches the outside edge of the road.

Threshold Braking
Using 100% of a cars braking capability while braking in a straight line. At the threshold point, the tire will be revolving some 15% slower than it would be if freely rolling over the road.

Trail-Braking
A term used to describe the general process of combining the cars straight line braking capability with its braking and turning ability at the entry of corners.

Throttle Application Point
The point in a turn where a driver begins to apply power to drive through and away from the corner.

Understeer
If, at the cornering limit of a car, the slip angle of the front tires is greater than the slip angle of the rears, the car is in understeer.

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