เข้าสู่ระบบหรือลงทะเบียน
ติดต่อลงโฆษณา
[email protected]
หรือโทร. 081-811-1138 หรืออ่านรายละเอียดเพิ่มเติม คลิกที่นี่
RacingWeb.NET | The Racing Cars Community on Web.
ฟอรั่ม
>
RacingWeb Community
>
Racing Forum (Cars Forum)
>
D.I.Y.
>
D.I.Y. แอร์รถยนต์ด้วยตนเองคับ (ใครรถติดไฟแดงนานๆแล้วแอร์ไม่เย็น เข้ามาคับ)
>
ตอบกลับหัวข้อ
ชื่อ:
การตรวจสอบ:
กรุณาเปิดใช้งานจาวาสคริปต์เพื่อดำเนินการต่อ
กำลังโหลด...
ข้อความ:
<p>[QUOTE="คนปากช่อง, post: 107500"]<b>?????Ţͧ cold 22, cold 134 ?ҡ? net</b></p><p><br /></p><p>???繤?˹?觷?????ͧ????? cold 134 ???? 3 ?ѹ???ǵԴ? ?ѹ??繴??ҡ ?س ter ???????Ѵ?ͧ???ѹ?? ???ѧ???͵Դ??????ա 2 ??л?ͧ??????ѹ??ѧ ???ѹ?ѹ?????͡?????к???????ջѭ?? ?ҡ????ʹ㨤س???ѵԢͧ?ѹ ??ҷ????֧??繡??? ?????Ѵ??ѧ?ҹ???? ??᷹?????????????????????ѧ???ԧ??? ??õԴ??ѹ???¢?Ҵ?˹ ????Ң???????? cold 134 ?ҡ?????????????????մѧ???</p><p><br /></p><p>Cold 134 ????ǹ??Сͻ?ͧ R600 a ?Ѻ R290 ?ѹ?????¹??????ҧ??л?ͧ??? ?????? google ?֧??? 2 ??ǹ??????ѹ??????áѹ ?ѹ?Դ???? ?ѹ??????????ö?ѧ???ҧ????ҧ???????仪ͺ????ѹ??????? ?????????????º???</p><p><br /></p><p>R290 ???ͪ??ͷ????????ѡ?ѹ??? propane ??ྐྵ?繡?ҫ?Դ俷???????????ا????????ѹ????ء??ҹ??????Ф?Ѻ ????ǹ??Դ? ???????ǹ??Сͻ?ͧ cold 134, cold 12, cold 22 ??·???????Ҿǡ???Դ俴???</p><p><br /></p><p>R600a ????Դ??ա???????????? Hydrocarbon ?????????Ѻ??᷹ R134A, R12 ????</p><p><br /></p><p>R290 ?Ѻ R600a ????ͧ??ǹ?????ѹ ?? COLD 134, COLD 22, COLD12 ?ѹ?չ??˹ѡ?ҡ?????ҡ?? ??????Ǩ???µ?ǵ??????Դ???????????ا??????? ??????ѹ???Ѻحҵ???????ػ?ó?Ӥ?????????㹺?ҹ ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???ͧ?ҡ????ҳ??ʷ?????鹹????ҡ ??????????͡?ҡ????ѹ???µ?? 㹵????繷???? R290(??ྐྵ)??ǹ???????ѹ??ǹ?˭? ???????÷Ӥ???????? 25-40 ??????ҹ?? ?ҡ??????ʷ?????????礨ش???????ѹ?? 10-15 ?ҷ????˹???˹?? ?????ʹ???ѧ??ҡ??ǡ??ҡ??????÷Ӥ???????ö¹??? ???͵????繴??«?? ?????÷Ӥ???????ѹ???? ???????˹ѡ?????ҡ?? ?ѹ???????ǡѹ????͡????????ӵԴ??鹷??????٧????Թ 6 ???Ǩҡ??? ???????㹷????? ?ҡ?ȶ???? ??ʷ?????Ǩж١???Ѵ??仨???? ????Ѻ?ó?ö¹??????㹻???ҳ???? ???ҧö?? corolla hi torque ?? R134a ???? 700 ???? ???? COLD 134 ?? 350 ???? ???»???ҳ???? ?????ҹ????ҡ ?֧?????????ǧ ö taxi ???Դ??? LPG ??觡?????ྐྵ ???? R290 ?????ѧ??ʢ?Ҵ 55 ?Ե????ͻ???ҳ 30 ???š?????觡ѹ?????ا??鹡??ջ???ѵԤ?????ʹ??·??? ??ǹ?????ҹ 13,000 BTU ????????? R22 ????ҳ 1.2 ???š??? ???????? COLD 22 ????ҳ 600 ????</p><p><br /></p><p>㹡ó???????·???ش??? COLD 134 ???????ͧ?????ö¹??? Ẻ??Դ?????????ᵡ?ѹ?? ??觡ó??蹹??????շҧ?Դ???㹡????ҹ???? ?????ʷ????? 300-400 ??????Ш???͡?? ??觷???Դ?????Ҩ??ͧ????繡??????ѹ?բ???͡?Ҩҡ????˹??ö ??ʹ??????ա??? ??ж???Դ??Ш????? ?????Դ??Ш??????Դ??еٷѹ?շ????繡??????ѹ?բ?ǹ?? ??ʨС?Ш???͡仨???? ?????????ѵ??????Դ??? ??Ҥس??ҹ??ͤ???? link ??ҧ??ҧ??? ˹?? 11 ???Ǣ?? The Explosion Risk ???ͤ???????§?????Դ???Դ 㹡óշ????????? ????ҹ????ҡ樹᷺???? 0 ?????Դ??С?????§??Դ???Ƿ??з??????ʷ???????͡?ҵԴ????͡?èش????·?????Դ??С???㹢?з??????????͡?һ???ҳ?ҡ?㹤??????? ???????л??? ??ҡ????ش??????ѹ???????????? ???Ҥ?????Դ˹?ҵ?ҧ?ٺ??????㹢?ТѺö?????͡?ʨ????Դ?? 0 ??????ʨ??????͡????</p><p><br /></p><p>㹡óջ??Է?????????ǡѹ??? ???繡?ë?????ҧ???? ???????????ѹ???ҹ???Ҩ??????͡??? ??????????ͧ????ͧ?ѹ?С?Ш?????ҡ?Ȩ???? ???Դ? (??ԧ?????ö????????¤ѹ?ѧ??????????ҡ???ҹ????«?? ) ??????ǫ?????ͧ????????ҧ???? ?ѹ??????????? 㹻???ҳ???????ҡ?ѡ ??Ҥ????????????ҡ?? ??????????仨ش????ö ?ѧ䧡????Դ? ??觶???Դ??Ш??Ѻ???????ҧ?Դ???? ??Ҥ?????????ҡ?? ?????ش??ö ?????Դ??ա??????? ??Ҷ???֧??????俿?ҷ???????ö ??????Ե????ä??????ä ???????ʵ?????ͧ????÷??ྴҹö ????????ͧ??俿?ҷ???????????ͧ????? ?ǡ??????????ö??????Դ??õԴ??? ????????´㹡?÷??ͺ????????ҹ??? link ??ҧ??ҧ??? ˹?? 11 ???Ǣ?? The Explosion Risk ???觷??ͺ???????´?ҡ ????????㹤?????ʹ??? </p><p><br /></p><p>link ??ҧ??ҧ???ٴ?֧??ʹ? ?ͧ????? R290 ??? R600a ????ջ???ª???ҡ???Ң?????? ?ա?þٴ?֧??ҹ??????ʹ?????й????ҹ?????????? ??????ѹ???????????¡????????????? ????????????ѹ?????????? R290 ?Ѵ???任???ҳ 25-40 ??????????ö?Ӥ????????ա??ҡ???? R134 ???ѧ?????Ѵ??ѧ?ҹ??????? 16% ????Ѻ????????ҹ?͡??õ?ǹ???????ѹʹѺʹع??ù? R290, R600a ???? ??????˵ؼ????????ҡ ??ͺ??????駢?ʹբ?????? ????յ?????ҧ?????ҹ?????????? ?ͧ??ҹ???ͧ??Ѻ ????Ѻ??ҧ?????ҹ??ҷ???????ٴ??? COLD 134, COLD 22 ?ѹ?Դ? ?????????????¹?? ?繻???????ҧ??з????????Ҥ?????????????????????Ѻ ??????Ҥ???÷Ӥ??????Ẻ COLD134 , COLD22, COLD 12 ?Ф?????????᷹??????ҧ?????Ѻ ??????ѹ ?Ѻ?????????????????ҵ???? 1994 ???? </p><p><br /></p><p>????ͧ?Դ俹???繻???繷?????Ե????? R134, HCFC 134 ?Ѻ??ҧ?????ѡ????????????繻?Ш? ?????????º?Ѻ?Ŵշ???????? ??ǹ?˭??????????Ѣ????????ҧ?ú??ǹ㹷ء??ҹ?ѡ??????¹??????÷Ӥ?????繵?С?? HC ???????ä??? ??觡??? R290, R600a ?ѹ??? ??ҹ???ǵѴ?Թ?????ͧ??Ѻ ??ǹ????ҨС?Ѻ??ͧ COLD 134, COLD 22 ??????? </p><p><br /></p><p>????Ѻ????? cold 22 ?Ѻ?????ҹ??????????ǧ??Ѻ ???ж?????Ǩ?ԧ????ѡ?????ǹ͡??ҹ ?ѹ???????仡Ѻ?ҡ????¹͡????? ?͡?ʵԴ俾ٴ??????? 0 ?????ѹ ???е??˹觵Դ???????????ǹ͡??????㹷???ҡ?ȶ???????????????</p><p><br /></p><p><a href="http://www.es-refrigerants.com/reports/docs/PERFORMANCE%20AND%20SAFETY%20OF%20LPG%20REFRIGERANTS.pdf" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.es-refrigerants.com/reports/docs/PERFORMANCE%20AND%20SAFETY%20OF%20LPG%20REFRIGERANTS.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://www.es-refrigerants.com/reports/docs/PERFORMANCE AND SAFETY OF LPG REFRIGERANTS.pdf</a></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>??÷??ͺ??????Ǣͧ??÷Ӥ??????㹵?С?????ǡѹ ??ѹ???????ѹ?еԴ? ?????????§???????չ????ҡ㹡??????к??Ӥ?????繢?Ҵ??硶֧??ҧ ??ҹ? link ??ҧ??ҧ??? ???ٷ??˹?? 4 ?ç conclusion</p><p><a href="http://www.autofrost.com/peoples/ghg/ghg-ternary.pdf" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.autofrost.com/peoples/ghg/ghg-ternary.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://www.autofrost.com/peoples/ghg/ghg-ternary.pdf</a></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>??Ң?????????? ?ѧ??ҡ??ҹ?ա??С? ??? link ??ҧ??ҧ???令?Ѻ</p><p><a href="http://www.cuts-international.org/sc98-1.htm" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.cuts-international.org/sc98-1.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.cuts-international.org/sc98-1.htm</a></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V2P-489YNWC-2&_user=1631782&_coverDate=11%2F30%2F2003&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000053988&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=1631782&md5=0a2c0747c8c471bc4698811af06e9f9c" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V2P-489YNWC-2&_user=1631782&_coverDate=11%2F30%2F2003&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000053988&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=1631782&md5=0a2c0747c8c471bc4698811af06e9f9c" rel="nofollow">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V2P-489YNWC-2&_user=1631782&_coverDate=11/30/2003&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000053988&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=1631782&md5=0a2c0747c8c471bc4698811af06e9f9c</a></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=14941709" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=14941709" rel="nofollow">http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=14941709</a></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="http://www.advgas.com/hydrocarbons.asp" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.advgas.com/hydrocarbons.asp" rel="nofollow">http://www.advgas.com/hydrocarbons.asp</a></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="http://www.fluorocarbons.org/en/debate/safety_aspects/safety_aspects_refrigeration.html" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="http://www.fluorocarbons.org/en/debate/safety_aspects/safety_aspects_refrigeration.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.fluorocarbons.org/en/debate/safety_aspects/safety_aspects_refrigeration.html</a></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>The solution ?the impact? </p><p>In 1992, Greenpeace (Germany) campaigned for an alternate technology, which would be both ozone friendly and without GWP. The technology which re-emerged as the most suitable for these purposes was an old one, which used hydrocarbons. </p><p>At present hydro carbon technology makes use of one of the two compounds, viz. isobutane (R600a) or a blend of propane and isobutane (R290/R600a) as refrigerant and usually cyclopentane for insulation. The most important advantage is their compatibility with mineral oils as against HFCs, which require synthetic lubricants. Additional advantage is of retrofitting in old units without much incremental costs. </p><p>Most importantly, the HC technology provides an economically viable option to the Article 5 countries to leapfrog from CFCs to HCs rather than to invest in HCFCs or HFCs which would soon have to be phased out. </p><p>In 1994, German manufacturer dkk/FORON, along with Greenpeace, launched the first HC based refrigerator using a blend of propane and isobutane. This ?greenfreeze? technology made a soaring impact on the German market forcing established manufacturers such as Bosch-Siemens, Liebherr, AEG/Electrolux and Whirlpool to adopt the HC technology. </p><p>These manufacturers opted for pure isobutane (R600a) as a single component refrigerant, which is easy to handle and is of advantage while designing two temperature refrigeration appliances (refrigerator-freezer combines). Liebherr was the first company in 1994 to convert their foaming lines to Pentane as a blowing agent replacing CFC11. Over the years the HC based refrigerator has captured more than 10% of CFC free domestic refrigerator market, mainly in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, the Netherlands and other Scandinavian countries. </p><p>Companies like Matsushita and Sharp of Japan have gone half-way by converting to pentane blown insulation foam. Similarly in Australia, Fisher & Paykel, a refrigerator manufacturer are blowing foam with cyclopentane. </p><p> </p><p>Table 2: Comparison of Ecofrig technology (column 1 & 2) with HFC134a technology (column 3).</p><p>Parameter Isobutane </p><p>R600a Propane/Isobutane R290/R600a Hydrofluorocarbon HFC134a</p><p>ODP 0 0 0</p><p>GWP* 3 3 3400</p><p>Energy efficiency of Compressor Higher than mixture and HFC134a </p><p>Retrofitting CFC12 refrigerator without changing compressor No Yes No</p><p>Flammability Yes Yes No</p><p>Safety Provisions Yes Yes No</p><p>Noise level of of compressors Higher than mixture and HFC134a Higher than isobutane </p><p>Sensitivity to contamination and manufacturing process conditions Insensitive: Production standard same as CFC12. Insensitive: Production standard same as CFC12. Highly sensitive: </p><p>Major Manufacturing changes required</p><p> </p><p><br /></p><p>?š?÷??ͺ??? R290+R600a ?鷴᷹ R12 ??</p><p>A computational model with the objective of simulating the performance of an ideal automotive air conditioning system, working with several refrigerants, is presented. The main function of this model was to determine the most suitable alternative refrigerant for R-12. Some assumptions about the losses and irreversibilities were embodied in this model for more realistic results. The effects of several parameters on system performance and compatibility were investigated, including evaporating temperature, condensing temperature and compressor rotational speed. Five refrigerants were studied by this model, including R-12, R-134a, R-290, R-600a and a mixture of propane and isobutane R290/R600a (62/38, molar percentage). The model predicted that the mixture (R290/R600a) was the most suitable alternative for R-12 and that several modifications should be performed when the other alternative refrigerants are used in the R-12 system. The major part of this work was an experimental investigation for the use of R290/R600a as a drop-in alternative for R-12 in a prototype automotive air conditioning system. Ninety-two (92) tests were conducted on both refrigerants to study the effect of four parameters on system performance. These were outdoor air temperature, cooling load, compressor rotational speed and the soaking temperature. Three outdoor air temperatures were considered, 35, 40 and 50 &deg;C. Six rotational speeds were employed, 700, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500 and 3000 rpm, whereas four cooling loads were simulated in the evaporator chamber, 1000, 2000, 3000 and 3500 W. The evaporator chamber was soaked at five temperatures, 45, 50, 55, 60 and 65 &deg;C. Two types of tests were performed, including single operation mode tests and multi-operation modes tests. There was close similarity between the performance of the R290/R600a mixture and R-12 with superiority for R-12 in the working pressures, energy consumption and the COP values, whereas the mixture (R290/R600a) outperformed R-12 in the subcooling, superheating, evaporator discharge air temperature and the cooldown time. The results of this work showed good agreement with the experimental and theoretical results available in the literature[/QUOTE]</p><p><br /></p>
[QUOTE="คนปากช่อง, post: 107500"][b]?????Ţͧ cold 22, cold 134 ?ҡ? net[/b] ???繤?˹?觷?????ͧ????? cold 134 ???? 3 ?ѹ???ǵԴ? ?ѹ??繴??ҡ ?س ter ???????Ѵ?ͧ???ѹ?? ???ѧ???͵Դ??????ա 2 ??л?ͧ??????ѹ??ѧ ???ѹ?ѹ?????͡?????к???????ջѭ?? ?ҡ????ʹ㨤س???ѵԢͧ?ѹ ??ҷ????֧??繡??? ?????Ѵ??ѧ?ҹ???? ??᷹?????????????????????ѧ???ԧ??? ??õԴ??ѹ???¢?Ҵ?˹ ????Ң???????? cold 134 ?ҡ?????????????????մѧ??? Cold 134 ????ǹ??Сͻ?ͧ R600 a ?Ѻ R290 ?ѹ?????¹??????ҧ??л?ͧ??? ?????? google ?֧??? 2 ??ǹ??????ѹ??????áѹ ?ѹ?Դ???? ?ѹ??????????ö?ѧ???ҧ????ҧ???????仪ͺ????ѹ??????? ?????????????º??? R290 ???ͪ??ͷ????????ѡ?ѹ??? propane ??ྐྵ?繡?ҫ?Դ俷???????????ا????????ѹ????ء??ҹ??????Ф?Ѻ ????ǹ??Դ? ???????ǹ??Сͻ?ͧ cold 134, cold 12, cold 22 ??·???????Ҿǡ???Դ俴??? R600a ????Դ??ա???????????? Hydrocarbon ?????????Ѻ??᷹ R134A, R12 ???? R290 ?Ѻ R600a ????ͧ??ǹ?????ѹ ?? COLD 134, COLD 22, COLD12 ?ѹ?չ??˹ѡ?ҡ?????ҡ?? ??????Ǩ???µ?ǵ??????Դ???????????ا??????? ??????ѹ???Ѻحҵ???????ػ?ó?Ӥ?????????㹺?ҹ ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???ͧ?ҡ????ҳ??ʷ?????鹹????ҡ ??????????͡?ҡ????ѹ???µ?? 㹵????繷???? R290(??ྐྵ)??ǹ???????ѹ??ǹ?˭? ???????÷Ӥ???????? 25-40 ??????ҹ?? ?ҡ??????ʷ?????????礨ش???????ѹ?? 10-15 ?ҷ????˹???˹?? ?????ʹ???ѧ??ҡ??ǡ??ҡ??????÷Ӥ???????ö¹??? ???͵????繴??«?? ?????÷Ӥ???????ѹ???? ???????˹ѡ?????ҡ?? ?ѹ???????ǡѹ????͡????????ӵԴ??鹷??????٧????Թ 6 ???Ǩҡ??? ???????㹷????? ?ҡ?ȶ???? ??ʷ?????Ǩж١???Ѵ??仨???? ????Ѻ?ó?ö¹??????㹻???ҳ???? ???ҧö?? corolla hi torque ?? R134a ???? 700 ???? ???? COLD 134 ?? 350 ???? ???»???ҳ???? ?????ҹ????ҡ ?֧?????????ǧ ö taxi ???Դ??? LPG ??觡?????ྐྵ ???? R290 ?????ѧ??ʢ?Ҵ 55 ?Ե????ͻ???ҳ 30 ???š?????觡ѹ?????ا??鹡??ջ???ѵԤ?????ʹ??·??? ??ǹ?????ҹ 13,000 BTU ????????? R22 ????ҳ 1.2 ???š??? ???????? COLD 22 ????ҳ 600 ???? 㹡ó???????·???ش??? COLD 134 ???????ͧ?????ö¹??? Ẻ??Դ?????????ᵡ?ѹ?? ??觡ó??蹹??????շҧ?Դ???㹡????ҹ???? ?????ʷ????? 300-400 ??????Ш???͡?? ??觷???Դ?????Ҩ??ͧ????繡??????ѹ?բ???͡?Ҩҡ????˹??ö ??ʹ??????ա??? ??ж???Դ??Ш????? ?????Դ??Ш??????Դ??еٷѹ?շ????繡??????ѹ?բ?ǹ?? ??ʨС?Ш???͡仨???? ?????????ѵ??????Դ??? ??Ҥس??ҹ??ͤ???? link ??ҧ??ҧ??? ˹?? 11 ???Ǣ?? The Explosion Risk ???ͤ???????§?????Դ???Դ 㹡óշ????????? ????ҹ????ҡ樹᷺???? 0 ?????Դ??С?????§??Դ???Ƿ??з??????ʷ???????͡?ҵԴ????͡?èش????·?????Դ??С???㹢?з??????????͡?һ???ҳ?ҡ?㹤??????? ???????л??? ??ҡ????ش??????ѹ???????????? ???Ҥ?????Դ˹?ҵ?ҧ?ٺ??????㹢?ТѺö?????͡?ʨ????Դ?? 0 ??????ʨ??????͡???? 㹡óջ??Է?????????ǡѹ??? ???繡?ë?????ҧ???? ???????????ѹ???ҹ???Ҩ??????͡??? ??????????ͧ????ͧ?ѹ?С?Ш?????ҡ?Ȩ???? ???Դ? (??ԧ?????ö????????¤ѹ?ѧ??????????ҡ???ҹ????«?? ) ??????ǫ?????ͧ????????ҧ???? ?ѹ??????????? 㹻???ҳ???????ҡ?ѡ ??Ҥ????????????ҡ?? ??????????仨ش????ö ?ѧ䧡????Դ? ??觶???Դ??Ш??Ѻ???????ҧ?Դ???? ??Ҥ?????????ҡ?? ?????ش??ö ?????Դ??ա??????? ??Ҷ???֧??????俿?ҷ???????ö ??????Ե????ä??????ä ???????ʵ?????ͧ????÷??ྴҹö ????????ͧ??俿?ҷ???????????ͧ????? ?ǡ??????????ö??????Դ??õԴ??? ????????´㹡?÷??ͺ????????ҹ??? link ??ҧ??ҧ??? ˹?? 11 ???Ǣ?? The Explosion Risk ???觷??ͺ???????´?ҡ ????????㹤?????ʹ??? link ??ҧ??ҧ???ٴ?֧??ʹ? ?ͧ????? R290 ??? R600a ????ջ???ª???ҡ???Ң?????? ?ա?þٴ?֧??ҹ??????ʹ?????й????ҹ?????????? ??????ѹ???????????¡????????????? ????????????ѹ?????????? R290 ?Ѵ???任???ҳ 25-40 ??????????ö?Ӥ????????ա??ҡ???? R134 ???ѧ?????Ѵ??ѧ?ҹ??????? 16% ????Ѻ????????ҹ?͡??õ?ǹ???????ѹʹѺʹع??ù? R290, R600a ???? ??????˵ؼ????????ҡ ??ͺ??????駢?ʹբ?????? ????յ?????ҧ?????ҹ?????????? ?ͧ??ҹ???ͧ??Ѻ ????Ѻ??ҧ?????ҹ??ҷ???????ٴ??? COLD 134, COLD 22 ?ѹ?Դ? ?????????????¹?? ?繻???????ҧ??з????????Ҥ?????????????????????Ѻ ??????Ҥ???÷Ӥ??????Ẻ COLD134 , COLD22, COLD 12 ?Ф?????????᷹??????ҧ?????Ѻ ??????ѹ ?Ѻ?????????????????ҵ???? 1994 ???? ????ͧ?Դ俹???繻???繷?????Ե????? R134, HCFC 134 ?Ѻ??ҧ?????ѡ????????????繻?Ш? ?????????º?Ѻ?Ŵշ???????? ??ǹ?˭??????????Ѣ????????ҧ?ú??ǹ㹷ء??ҹ?ѡ??????¹??????÷Ӥ?????繵?С?? HC ???????ä??? ??觡??? R290, R600a ?ѹ??? ??ҹ???ǵѴ?Թ?????ͧ??Ѻ ??ǹ????ҨС?Ѻ??ͧ COLD 134, COLD 22 ??????? ????Ѻ????? cold 22 ?Ѻ?????ҹ??????????ǧ??Ѻ ???ж?????Ǩ?ԧ????ѡ?????ǹ͡??ҹ ?ѹ???????仡Ѻ?ҡ????¹͡????? ?͡?ʵԴ俾ٴ??????? 0 ?????ѹ ???е??˹觵Դ???????????ǹ͡??????㹷???ҡ?ȶ??????????????? [url]http://www.es-refrigerants.com/reports/docs/PERFORMANCE%20AND%20SAFETY%20OF%20LPG%20REFRIGERANTS.pdf[/url] ??÷??ͺ??????Ǣͧ??÷Ӥ??????㹵?С?????ǡѹ ??ѹ???????ѹ?еԴ? ?????????§???????չ????ҡ㹡??????к??Ӥ?????繢?Ҵ??硶֧??ҧ ??ҹ? link ??ҧ??ҧ??? ???ٷ??˹?? 4 ?ç conclusion [url]http://www.autofrost.com/peoples/ghg/ghg-ternary.pdf[/url] ??Ң?????????? ?ѧ??ҡ??ҹ?ա??С? ??? link ??ҧ??ҧ???令?Ѻ [url]http://www.cuts-international.org/sc98-1.htm[/url] [url]http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V2P-489YNWC-2&_user=1631782&_coverDate=11%2F30%2F2003&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000053988&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=1631782&md5=0a2c0747c8c471bc4698811af06e9f9c[/url] [url]http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=14941709[/url] [url]http://www.advgas.com/hydrocarbons.asp[/url] [url]http://www.fluorocarbons.org/en/debate/safety_aspects/safety_aspects_refrigeration.html[/url] The solution ?the impact? In 1992, Greenpeace (Germany) campaigned for an alternate technology, which would be both ozone friendly and without GWP. The technology which re-emerged as the most suitable for these purposes was an old one, which used hydrocarbons. At present hydro carbon technology makes use of one of the two compounds, viz. isobutane (R600a) or a blend of propane and isobutane (R290/R600a) as refrigerant and usually cyclopentane for insulation. The most important advantage is their compatibility with mineral oils as against HFCs, which require synthetic lubricants. Additional advantage is of retrofitting in old units without much incremental costs. Most importantly, the HC technology provides an economically viable option to the Article 5 countries to leapfrog from CFCs to HCs rather than to invest in HCFCs or HFCs which would soon have to be phased out. In 1994, German manufacturer dkk/FORON, along with Greenpeace, launched the first HC based refrigerator using a blend of propane and isobutane. This ?greenfreeze? technology made a soaring impact on the German market forcing established manufacturers such as Bosch-Siemens, Liebherr, AEG/Electrolux and Whirlpool to adopt the HC technology. These manufacturers opted for pure isobutane (R600a) as a single component refrigerant, which is easy to handle and is of advantage while designing two temperature refrigeration appliances (refrigerator-freezer combines). Liebherr was the first company in 1994 to convert their foaming lines to Pentane as a blowing agent replacing CFC11. Over the years the HC based refrigerator has captured more than 10% of CFC free domestic refrigerator market, mainly in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, the Netherlands and other Scandinavian countries. Companies like Matsushita and Sharp of Japan have gone half-way by converting to pentane blown insulation foam. Similarly in Australia, Fisher & Paykel, a refrigerator manufacturer are blowing foam with cyclopentane. Table 2: Comparison of Ecofrig technology (column 1 & 2) with HFC134a technology (column 3). Parameter Isobutane R600a Propane/Isobutane R290/R600a Hydrofluorocarbon HFC134a ODP 0 0 0 GWP* 3 3 3400 Energy efficiency of Compressor Higher than mixture and HFC134a Retrofitting CFC12 refrigerator without changing compressor No Yes No Flammability Yes Yes No Safety Provisions Yes Yes No Noise level of of compressors Higher than mixture and HFC134a Higher than isobutane Sensitivity to contamination and manufacturing process conditions Insensitive: Production standard same as CFC12. Insensitive: Production standard same as CFC12. Highly sensitive: Major Manufacturing changes required ?š?÷??ͺ??? R290+R600a ?鷴᷹ R12 ?? A computational model with the objective of simulating the performance of an ideal automotive air conditioning system, working with several refrigerants, is presented. The main function of this model was to determine the most suitable alternative refrigerant for R-12. Some assumptions about the losses and irreversibilities were embodied in this model for more realistic results. The effects of several parameters on system performance and compatibility were investigated, including evaporating temperature, condensing temperature and compressor rotational speed. Five refrigerants were studied by this model, including R-12, R-134a, R-290, R-600a and a mixture of propane and isobutane R290/R600a (62/38, molar percentage). The model predicted that the mixture (R290/R600a) was the most suitable alternative for R-12 and that several modifications should be performed when the other alternative refrigerants are used in the R-12 system. The major part of this work was an experimental investigation for the use of R290/R600a as a drop-in alternative for R-12 in a prototype automotive air conditioning system. Ninety-two (92) tests were conducted on both refrigerants to study the effect of four parameters on system performance. These were outdoor air temperature, cooling load, compressor rotational speed and the soaking temperature. Three outdoor air temperatures were considered, 35, 40 and 50 °C. Six rotational speeds were employed, 700, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500 and 3000 rpm, whereas four cooling loads were simulated in the evaporator chamber, 1000, 2000, 3000 and 3500 W. The evaporator chamber was soaked at five temperatures, 45, 50, 55, 60 and 65 °C. Two types of tests were performed, including single operation mode tests and multi-operation modes tests. There was close similarity between the performance of the R290/R600a mixture and R-12 with superiority for R-12 in the working pressures, energy consumption and the COP values, whereas the mixture (R290/R600a) outperformed R-12 in the subcooling, superheating, evaporator discharge air temperature and the cooldown time. The results of this work showed good agreement with the experimental and theoretical results available in the literature[/QUOTE]
เข้าสู่ระบบด้วย Facebook
เข้าสู่ระบบด้วย Twitter
เข้าสู่ระบบด้วย Google
ชื่อผู้ใช้งานหรือที่อยู่อีเมล์ของคุณ:
คุณมีบัญชีผู้ใช้หรือไม่?
ไม่มี, สร้างบัญชีผู้ใช้ตอนนี้
มี, รหัสผ่านของฉันคือ:
ลืมรหัสผ่านของคุณ?
อยู่ในระบบตลอดเวลา
RacingWeb.NET | The Racing Cars Community on Web.
ฟอรั่ม
>
RacingWeb Community
>
Racing Forum (Cars Forum)
>
D.I.Y.
>
D.I.Y. แอร์รถยนต์ด้วยตนเองคับ (ใครรถติดไฟแดงนานๆแล้วแอร์ไม่เย็น เข้ามาคับ)
>
X
หน้าแรก
หน้าแรก
Quick Links
โพสต์ล่าสุด
กิจกรรมล่าสุด
ผู้เขียน
ฟอรั่ม
ฟอรั่ม
Quick Links
ค้นหาฟอรั่ม
โพสต์ล่าสุด
ประกาศซื้อขาย
ประกาศซื้อขาย
Quick Links
ค้นหาประกาศซื้อขาย
กิจกรรมล่าสุด
ผู้ค้าขายคะแนนสูงสุด
สื่อ/วิดีโอ
สื่อ/วิดีโอ
Quick Links
Search Media
New Media
สมาชิก
สมาชิก
Quick Links
สมาชิกที่โดดเด่น
สมาชิกที่ลงทะเบียน
ผู้ใช้งานในขณะนี้
กิจกรรมล่าสุด
โพสต์ข้อมูลส่วนตัวใหม่
เมนู
ค้นหาเฉพาะชื่อ
โพสต์โดยสมาชิก:
แยกชื่อด้วยเครื่องหมายจุลภาค
ใหม่กว่า:
ค้นหาเฉพาะหัวข้อนี้
ค้นหาเฉพาะฟอรั่มนี้
แสดงผลเป็นหัวข้อ
การค้นหาที่มีประโยชน์
โพสต์ล่าสุด
เพิ่มเติม...
